Hemodynamic Monitoring

Hemodynamic Monitoring. Charles E. Smith, MD Professor of Anesthesia Director, Cardiothoracic Anesthesia MetroHealth Medical Center Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio Email: csmith@metrohealth.org. Definition of Monitoring.

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Hemodynamic Monitoring

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Hemodynamic Monitoring Charles E. Smith, MD Professor of Anesthesia Director, Cardiothoracic Anesthesia MetroHealth Medical Center Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio Email: csmith@metrohealth.org
Siegel JH et al: Trauma: Emergency Surgery + Critical Care, 1987:201-284
Definition of Monitoring • Continuous or repeated observation + vigilance in order to maintain homeostasis • ASA Standards: I. Qualified personnel II. Oxygenation: SaO2, FiO2 III. Ventilation: ETCO2, stethoscope, disconnect alarm IV. Circulation: BP, pulse, ECG Other monitors: T, Paw, Vt, ABG
Objectives • Arterial line • Systolic pressure variation • Central venous pressure • Pulmonary artery catheterization • Cardiac output • Mixed venous oxygen
Basic Concepts • BP = CO x SVR • CO = SV x HR • DO2= (CO x CaO2x 10) + (PaO2x 0.003) • CaO2 = Hg x 1.39 x O2 sat; or CaO2= Hct/2 Assume CO 5 L/min, 100% sat • Hct 40 CaO2 20 CO 5 DO2 1000 • Hct 30 CaO2 15 CO 5 DO2 750 • Hct 20 CaO2 10 CO 5 DO2 500
Arterial Line • Indications: • Rapid moment to moment BP changes • Frequent blood sampling • Circulatory therapies: bypass, IABP, vasoactive drugs, deliberate hypotension • Failure of indirect BP: burns, morbid obesity • Pulse contour analysis: SPV, SV
Radial Artery Cannulation • Technically easy • Good collateral circulation of hand • Complications uncommon except: • vasospastic disease • prolonged shock • high-dose vasopressors • prolonged cannulation
Alternative Sites • Brachial: • Use longer catheter to traverse elbow joint • Postop keep arm extended • Collateral circulation not as good as hand • Femoral: • Use guide-wire technique • Puncture femoral artery below inguinal ligament (easier to compress, if required)
Pulsus Paradoxus • Exaggerated inspiratory fall in systolic BP during spontaneous ventilation, > 10-12 mmHg • Cardiac tamponade, severe asthma
Systolic Pressure Variation • Difference between maximal + minimal values of systolic BP during PPV •  down: ~ 5 mm Hg due to  venous return • SPV > 15 mm Hg, or  down > 15 mm Hg: • highly predictive of hypovolemia Marik: Anaesth Intensive Care 1993;21:405. Coriat: Anesth Analg 1994;78:46
Gardner, in Critical Care, 3rd ed. Civetta. 1997, p 851
Pulse Contour Analysis • 1. Transform BP waveform into volume – time waveform • 2. Derive uncalibrated SV • SV x HR = CO • 3. May calibrate using Li indicator [LidCO] or assume initial SV based on known EF from echo • Assumptions: • PPV induces cyclical changes in SV • Changes in SV results in cyclical fluctuation of BP or SPV Linton R: 1997, 1998, 2000
PulseCO SPV + SV • Predicts SV  in response to volume after cardiac surgery + in ICU[Reuter: BJA 2002; 88:124; Michard: Chest 2002; 121:2000] • Similar estimates of preload v. echo during hemorrhage[Preisman: BJA 2002; 88: 716] • Helpful in dx of hypovolemia after blast injury [Weiss: J Clin Anesth 1999; 11:132]
Pitfalls with SPV + SV • Inaccurate if • AI • IABP • Problems if • pronounced peripheral arterial vasoconstriction • damped art line • arrhythmias
Central Venous Line • Indications: • CVP monitoring • Advanced CV disease + major operation • Secure vascular access for drugs: TLC • Secure access for fluids: introducer sheath • Aspiration of entrained air: sitting craniotomies • Inadequate peripheral IV access • Pacer, Swan Ganz
Central Venous Line: RIJ • IJ vein lies in groove between sternal + clavicular heads of sternocleidomastoid muscle • IJ vein is lateral + slightly anterior to carotid • Aseptic technique, head down • Insert needle towards ipsilateral nipple • Seldinger method: 22 G finder; 18 G needle, guidewire, scalpel blade, dilator + catheter • Observe ECG + maintain control of guide-wire • Ultrasound guidance; CXR post insertion
Advantages of RIJ • Consistent, predictable anatomic location • Readily identifiable landmarks • Short straight course to SVC • Easy intraop access for anesthesiologist at patient’s head • High success rate, 90-99%
Types of Central Catheters • Variety of lengths, gauges, composition + lumens depending on purpose • Introducer sheath (8-8.5 Fr): • Permits rapid fluid/blood infusion or Swan • Trauma triple-lumen (12 Fr): • Rapid infusion via 12 g x 2; 16 g for CVP monitoring • MAC 2: (9 Fr): • Rapid infusion via distal port; 12 g for CVP • Also allows for Swan insertion • More septations + stiffer plastic
Alternative Sites • Subclavian: • Easier to insert v. IJ if c-spine precautions • Better patient comfort v. IJ • Risk of pneumo- 2% • External jugular: • Easy to cannulate if visible, no risk of pneumo • 20%: cannot access central circulation • Double cannulation of same vein (RIJ) • Serious complications: vein avulsion, catheter entanglement, catheter fracture
CVP Monitoring • Reflects pressure at junction of vena cava + RA • CVP is driving force for filling RA + RV • CVP provides estimate of: • Intravascular blood volume • RV preload • Trends in CVP are very useful • Measure at end-expiration • Zero at mid-axillary line
Zero @ Mid-Axillary Line
CVP Waveform Components Mark JB, CV Monitoring, in Miller 5th Edition, 2000, pg 1153
Pulmonary Artery Catheter • Introduced by Swan + Ganz in 1970 • Allows accurate bedside measurement of important clinical variables: CO, PAP, PCWP, CVP to estimate LV filling volume, + guide fluid / vasoactive drug therapy • Discloses pertinent CV data that cannot be accurately predicted from standard signs + symptoms
PAC Waveforms
Indications: ASA Task Force • Original practice guidelines for PAC- 1993; updated 2003 [Anesthesiology 2003;99:988] • High risk patient with severe cardiopulmonary disease • Intended surgery places patient at risk because of magnitude or extent of operation • Practice setting suitable for PAC monitoring: MD familiarity, ICU, nursing • PAC Education Project: www.pacep.org • web based resource for learning how to use PAC Roizen et al: Anesthesiology 1993;78:380. ASA Newsletter, Aug 2002;66(8):7
PAC and Outcome • Early use of PAC to optimize volume status + tissue perfusion may be beneficial • PAC is only a monitor. It cannot improve outcome if disease has progressed too far, or if intervention based on PAC is unsuccessful or detrimental • Many confounding factors: learning bias, skill, knowledge, usage patterns, medical v. surgical illness Connors: JAMA 1996;276:916. Mark JB: in Anesthesia 5th Ed. Miller. 2000: pp 1178-80
PAC: Complications • Minor in 50%, e.g., arrhythmias • Transient RBBB- 0.9-5% • External pacer if pre-existing LBBB • Misinformation • Serious: 0.1-0.5%: knotting, pulmonary infarction, PA rupture (e.g., overwedge), endocarditis, structural heart damage • Death: 0.016% Mark JB, in Anesthesia 5th Edition. Miller 2000, pg 1117-1206
Problems Estimating LV Preload
Cardiac Output • Important feature of PAC • Allows calculation of DO2 • Thermodilution: inject fixed volume, 10 ml, (of room temp or iced D5W) into CVP port at end-expiration + measure resulting change in blood temp at distal thermistor • CO inversely proportional to area under curve
Cardiac Output: Technical Problems • Variations in respiration: • Use average of 3 measures • Blood clot over thermistor tip: inaccurate temp • Shunts: LV + RV outputs unequal, CO invalid • TR: recirculation of thermal signal, CO invalid • Computation constants: • Varies for each PAC, check package insert + manually enter
Continuous Mixed Venous Oximetry • Fick Equation • VO2 = CO [CaO2 - CvO2] • CvO2 ~ SvO2 b/c most O2 in blood bound to Hg • If O2 sat, VO2 + Hg remain constant, SvO2 is indirect indicator of CO • Can be measured using oximetric Swan or CVP, or send blood gas from PA / CVP • Normal SvO2 ~ 65% [60-75]
Mixed Venous Oximetry • ↑ SvO2 [> 75%] • Wedged PAC: reflects LAP saturation • Low VO2: hypothermia, general anesthesia, NMB • Unable to extract O2 : cyanide, Carbon monoxide • High CO: sepsis, burns, L→ R shunt AV fistulas
Mixed Venous Oximetry • ↓ SvO2 [ < 60%] • ↓ Hg- bleeding, shock • ↑ VO2: fever, agitation, thyrotoxic, shivering • ↓ SaO2 : hypoxia, resp distress • ↓ CO: MI, CHF, hypovolemia
Summary • Invasive monitoring routinely performed • Permits improved understanding of BP, blood flow, + CV function • Allows timely detection of hemodynamic events + initiation of treatment • Requires correct technique + interpretation • Complications occur from variety of reasons • Risk: benefit ratio usually favorable in critically ill patients

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